Nhận biết (M1)

The bird species Corapipo gutturalis (the white-throated manakin) practices a foraging strategy known as sallying (catching insects in flight and returning to a perch to eat them), enabling it to scan for prey and predators simultaneously. Cymbilaimus lineatus (the fasciated antshrike), on the other hand, practices foliage gleaning (picking insects off leaves), substantially limiting the bird's field of vision while foraging. Biologist Ari Martinez and colleagues, who studied the ecological community these species share in French Guiana, hypothesized that avian foraging strategies that reduce individual vigilance are associated with greater reliance on other species to watch for predators.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Martínez and colleagues' hypothesis?

• A.

  When Martínez and colleagues played alarm calls from another local bird species, C. gutturalis displayed predator-avoidance behavior, whereas C. lineatus did not display any behavioral change.

• B.

  Of several species practicing foliage gleaning that Martínez and colleagues observed, only C. lineatus routinely associated with other species.

• C.

  Martínez and colleagues observed that C. lineatus regularly joined multispecies flocks, whereas C. gutturalis rarely or never did.

• D.

  Martínez and colleagues found that the predator alarm calls of C. gutturalis and C. lineatus have a high degree of acoustic similarity.