Nhận biết (M1)

Rafael Núñez and colleagues studied how members of the Yupno, an Indigenous group in Papua New Guinea, conceptualize time in both spoken language and gestures. The researchers recorded Yupno speakers explaining certain temporal words and phrases, such as kalip bishap, a past-oriented expression that translates to “past times,” and coded each speaker’s manual gestures. Previous research has found a tendency in many cultures to make temporal distinctions along imagined linear axes: for instance, Spanish speakers often refer to the left/right axis to describe events in time. Some researchers believe this tendency is universal, but Núñez and colleagues claim this is not the case.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Núñez and colleagues’ claim?

• A.

  Yupno speakers typically use their left hand to make temporal gestures regardless of whether the gestures are past oriented or future oriented.

• B.

  Some Yupno grammatical structures used when talking about time are also used in Spanish.

• C.

  Future-oriented gestures used by Yupno speakers do not, on average, point in the opposite linear direction of past-oriented gestures.

• D.

  Yupno speakers were observed making temporal gestures both indoors and outdoors, though with greater frequency when indoors.